Christ, most remarkable is his attention to the mediatorial functions of Christ as the ideal Prophet, Priest, and King. His prophetic office as the representative of God is evident in Zechariah 13:7, where the Lord of Hosts refers to the Messiah as “My Shepherd” and the mighty man who is His equal, whom He Himself strikes. Matthew 26:31 links this directly to Christ and the cross. It also parallels Christ’s exposition of the Good Shepherd, where He declares that He lays down His life for the sheep and that He and His Father are one (John 10:30). The priestly ministry is most explicit in the significant messianic title “the Branch” that occurs in Zechariah 3:8 and Zechariah 6:12 in analogy with Joshua, the high priest. In addition, the whole vision of Joshua standing before the court of heaven is a beautiful picture of how God forgives and justifies sinners: the need of justification is great, the act of justification is gracious, the ground of justification (the Branch) is solid, and the demand of justification is logical. Christ’s kingship is seen in Zechariah 10:4 (the corner, the nail, the battle bow, the absolute ruler) and Zechariah 9:9, the prophecy so specifically fulfilled on Palm Sunday. Aspects of kingship associated with Christ’s second coming are also part of the hope (Zech. 14). It would not at all be a stretch to designate this prophecy as “The Gospel according to Zechariah.”

Zechariah 1:1 says that the word of the Lord came to Zechariah. One of the ways that the word came was through visions. The first six chapters record a series of visions that give a panoramic view of God’s purpose for His people from the immediate circumstances of the day to the final consummation.

Apart from the message revealed, Zechariah is a casebook on how God revealed His word through visions. First, visions were personal and internal. Only the prophet could see them. Second, the recipient of the vision was an active participant. Zechariah conversed with an interpreting angel who gave him directions as to the vision’s meaning. Third, visions were highly symbolic. The colored horses, four craftsmen, lampstands and olive trees, flying scrolls, and war wagons loaded with horses all pointed to some spiritual reality.

Another feature of Zechariah’s method was the apocalyptic tone, a kind of prediction that addressed the distant future, including the final consummation. Zechariah’s message, therefore, goes beyond post-exilic Israel. He assures the church that God is in control and that everything is on course to accomplish God’s eternal plan and purpose.

This article is part of the Every Book of the Bible: 3 Things to Know collection.

Upon hearing the warning that God would judge the post-exilic community for impenitence if it were to persist in not rebuilding the temple, the Jews to whom Zechariah first spoke repented (Zech. 1:1–6). This initial warning, however, was not all that the prophet had for the people. As we see in today's passage, the Lord had more to say to the old covenant community by way of night visions given to Zechariah.

Zechariah's vision of a horseman and his vision of horns and craftsmen occurred five months after the people had begun the temple rebuilding effort anew under Zerubbabel and Joshua the high priest (v. 7; see Hag. 1:12–15). The prophet saw four horses and four riders, probably angels, who had been sent out by God to patrol the whole earth. Zechariah was standing with the "angel of the Lord" in this vision, and the report of these horsemen was that all the earth was at rest, that is, there was not any political upheaval going on (Zech. 1:7–11). This reflects the history of the Persian Empire in 520 BC. Other ancient historical sources report that Persia had just become calm again under the reign of Darius after a period of infighting and other problems. Humanly speaking, one of the reasons the people could rebuild the temple was that the kingdoms that had been causing trouble for the post-exilic community were no longer opposing the temple rebuilding effort (Ezra 4–5).

Under normal circumstances, this message of peace and rest would have been heard as good news. Yet that was not how the angel of the Lord received the report. He asked the horsemen why God was still showing no mercy to the people (Zech. 1:12). The angel received the message as bad news because it indicated that the Lord was not bringing about the end just yet. Remember that Haggai had told the people that there would be a shaking of the heavens and the earth before the arrival of the Messiah to bring about salvation (Hag. 2:20–23). If the earth was at peace and not being shaken, that meant that the end could not come yet, that the conditions of exile persisted, conditions under which the descendants of Abraham were not yet exalted above all the nations. This is confirmed by the angel's remark that God had been angry for seventy years at Judah (Zech. 1:12). When the angel spoke those words in 520 BC, seventy years of exile had come and gone, but by bringing the current situation of the covenant community under that umbrella, we see yet again that even though the people were formally back from exile, the exilic conditions remained.œ

Returning to our chronological overview of the Old Testament prophets, today we come to the second post-exilic prophet whose words are recorded in Scripture. Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, was sent to the people of Judah after the return from Babylon to encourage the people to rebuild God's temple and to give them a vision of things that were still to come.

Zechariah was Haggai's contemporary (Ezra 5:1–2), but whereas Haggai originally delivered his prophecies over several months, Zechariah's ministry lasted for years, beginning in about 520 BC. Because we do not know anything about the prophet except his immediate ancestry and the meaning of his name—"Yahweh remembers"—the duration of his career is not certain. Commentators agree, however, that it lasted until at least 516 BC, when the rebuilt temple was completed, and many of his visions foresee events to come after that year. This has New Testament confirmation. The Gospels' passion accounts quote from Zechariah 9–14 more often than they do any other portion of Scripture. Without at least a basic grasp of Zechariah's prophecy, our understanding of Christ's atonement will be impoverished.

As a contemporary of Haggai, Zechariah was instrumental in awakening the Jews from their slumber in 520 BC to rebuild the temple. As long as God's house remained unfinished, the people were being disobedient to the Lord's commands regarding old covenant worship. And since heartfelt obedience to the Almighty's commands is the fruit of true love for Him (John 14:15), leaving the temple unfinished in and of itself was not the real problem. Instead, an unfinished temple with no evident concern to complete the work indicated that the essential problem was a problem of the heart. Such is the case with all sin.

Due to the problem being one of the heart, we are not surprised to find Zechariah open his book with a call to repentance. Included in this call is a reference to the forefathers of the restored community who were kicked out of the Promised Land for their impenitence (Zech. 1:1–5b). Zechariah asks some rhetorical questions: Where were their fathers? Where were their (false) prophets? Had they not been destroyed? No answers are given because the small, struggling post-exilic community knew the answers—the impenitent forefathers and false prophets were gone, brought to an end in exile for their rejection of God's Word. The implicit warning is that the same judgment was possible for Zechariah's generation should they ignore the Lord's true prophets just as their forefathers did.œ

Despite its importance as the first structure wherein God made His presence manifest among the people of Israel, the tabernacle was only a temporary dwelling that King Solomon later replaced with the temple (2 Chron. 7:1–3). Solomon’s temple, however, stood only about four hundred years, being destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC. At that point, the vessels used in the temple, including the golden lampstand, were also carried off to Babylon (2 Kings 24:10–17).

We could by no means overestimate the importance of the exile to redemptive history, nor could we overestimate the joy the people felt when, in 538 BC, God appointed King Cyrus of Persia to return His people to their land (2 Chron. 36:22–23). Once in the land, the nation began rebuilding the temple and its furniture, including the lampstand first mentioned in Exodus 25:31–40.

Zechariah the prophet was commissioned during this restoration period to encourage the returned exiles to complete the rebuilding of the temple, which had run into difficulties because of Israel’s lack of faithfulness (Hag. 1:1–6) and opposition from neighboring peoples (Neh. 4:1–14). The immensity of the task and the paltry resources of the Israelites did not help, and the people despaired over the inglorious nature of the kingdom.

Yet the Lord’s determination to build His temple was not thwarted, which is one of the main points of today’s passage. Zechariah’s vision of a new lampstand (Zech. 4:1–3) meant that God would certainly build His house, for the lampstand would be useless without the temple. Though the restoration was troubled and it was a day of meager beginnings, Israel would one day rejoice in fullness (vv. 8–10a).

The restoration, in fact, would be so great that the light of the lampstand would never go out. Zechariah also saw two olive trees, one on either side of the lampstand, which continually dispensed oil to the stand via golden pipes (vv. 10b–14). With a continual supply of oil, the wicks would always burn and the light would continually shine. Ultimately, this points to the true Light who came into the world to shine forth God’s grace and build a living temple to honor our Father (John 1:1–18; 1 Peter 2:1–5). By His Spirit, this Light would restore glory to His covenant people (Zech. 4:4–7).

Related Works Pastors should consider Bryan Gregory’s Longing for God in an Age of Discouragement: The Gospel According to Zechariah. Although not a commentary on the entire book, Glory in Our Midst by Meredith Kline is also well worth consulting. This article is part of the Top 5 Commentaries collection.

Although Zerubbabel, the Persian-appointed governor of Judah, and the Jews who went back with him to the Holy Land after Cyrus the Great released them from exile started work on the temple right away, the rebuilding soon ceased (3:1–4:5, 24). Other peoples in the Persian Empire did not want the Jews to establish a secure foothold in their land, so they harassed the Jews in order to get them to stop working on the sanctuary. The rebuilding stopped around 536 BC, while Cyrus was still emperor, and did not resume until about 520 BC, when Darius I was on the throne.

Before we look at the resumption of the work on the temple, note that Ezra 4:6–23 includes references to Kings Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) and Artaxerxes I, who reigned after Darius I. Since Ezra 4:24 picks up the narrative of what happened during the reign of Darius, we see that most of Ezra 4 has been placed out of order chronologically. The author, who might have been Ezra himself, did this to stress the ongoing opposition that the Jews faced while they were governed by the Persian Empire. Not only was the rebuilding of the temple opposed but also the rebuilding of the city itself. We will read more about this in the book of Nehemiah. The Jewish leaders Ezra and Nehemiah came to Judah during the reign of Artaxerxes I.

Today’s passage tells us that Zerubbabel and the Jews returned to the work of rebuilding the temple because of the prophetic exhortations of Haggai and Zechariah (5:1–2). These are the same prophets who wrote the books of Haggai and Zechariah. Haggai’s work, in particular, focuses on his encouragement of the temple’s rebuilding. Zechariah’s book is filled with calls for repentance and apocalyptic visions of the future of God’s people, showing us again that though the Jews were back in their land, their lack of repentance meant that the full blessings attending the return from exile would be delayed.

This time, “Tattenai the governor of the province Beyond the River” and others asked the Jews who authorized them to rebuild the temple (vv. 3–5). Tattenai was a Persian official who had jurisdiction over Zerubbabel and the province of Judah as well as Syria. The Jews committed themselves to keep on rebuilding until they heard back from Emperor Darius, for Tattenai wrote him, looking for proof that the work was approved (vv. 6–17). Importantly, the eye of God was upon His people (v. 5). They continued working because He was protecting them as they restored the temple.

In this classic story Dr. R.C. Sproul continues his project of illustrating theological concepts for children. The Priest with Dirty Clothes teaches the concept of imputation, which lies at the heart of the important biblical doctrine of justification.Using the story of Joshua the high priest (Zechariah 3:1-5) as his jumping-off point, Dr. Sproul weaves a classic tale about a young priest who is invited to preach his first sermon before the king and his court. But on his way to the palace, he falls from his horse, getting his clothes hopelessly muddy. Jonathan finds that he needs powerful help if he is to stand before the king. This edition of The Priest with Dirty Clothes includes illustrations by Justin Gerard and a "For the Parents" section to help them bring out the truths of the book for their children.

In Reformed circles, we hear much about the covenants. We are a people who place our trust in God’s covenant faithfulness. We hear about the covenant of grace and the covenant of works, but we hear very little about the covenant of redemption. We also hear much about the saving work of Christ, but give little thought to the fact that the triune God conceived the work that the second person of the Trinity would do that would save sinners.

Simply stated, the covenant of redemption is a covenant God the Father made with God the Son before the foundation of the world was laid, that if the Son would offer Himself up as an offering for sin, the Father would give Christ all those for whom He would die as a love gift. The elect, then, are a gift from the Father to the Son for suffering and dying to redeem them.

God the Father chose from all eternity past, in His eternal and unchangeable decrees, to save some people. God the Son, from all eternity past, agreed to redeem those people from the fallen state that God ordained, from all eternity past, they would be in. If you ask why God ordained the fall of man and the sinful state into which he would go, the answer is that God ordained sin so that we would know Him in the fullness of His revelation of Himself. If God had not ordained sin, we would know Him only as the Creator; because God has ordained sin we can know Him as the Redeemer. Our knowledge of God is much more complete because of sin.

In Zechariah 6:13, this is referred to as a “counsel of peace … between them both,” that is, between the Father and the Son, between God and “the man whose name is the Branch” (v. 12). It is “the Lord of Hosts” who is speaking about the counsel of peace that will be between Himself and “the Branch.” When Christ speaks in John 17 of having been given people as a gift, He is praying to God, whom, He says, gave them. “Thine they were, and thou gavest them me” (John 17:6 kjv). The “thou” and the “thine” both refer to God the Father.

From all eternity past, God the Father determined to create a race of people, of whom He would save some. It is God the Father who is the Author of the plan of salvation. Christ is indeed the Author and Finisher of our faith (Heb. 12:2). 1 Peter 1:20 tells us that He was “foreordained before the foundation of the world.” Ephesians 1:4 is clear that the elect are chosen “in Him.” And grace has been given to them “in Christ Jesus before the world began,” according to 2 Timothy 1:9. But it is God the Father who contrived the plan that Christ would carry out. Whatever Christ encountered in this world happened to Him according to the eternal decree, foreknowledge, and determinate counsel of

At this time of the year, we often reflect on the events surrounding the suffering and death of the Lord Jesus Christ. One such event is Christ’s triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Matt. 21:1–11; Mark 11:1–10; Luke 19:29–40; John 12:12–19). The gospel accounts of Christ’s triumphal entry point us back to the prophecy of Zechariah, a prophecy made hundreds of years before this event took place. In Zechariah 9:9–17, the prophet tells God’s people what to expect of their King when He comes.

Zechariah prophesied wonderful things about the character of this coming King. First, this King would be a righteous King, one who does God’s will as a faithful covenant keeper. Jesus comes as a perfectly righteous King, who serves His Father in heaven with absolute and perfect righteousness.

Second, Zechariah describes this coming King as having salvation. We could also translate this phrase to mean “showing himself a savior.” Jesus entered Jerusalem having already shown Himself a powerful Savior. In John’s account of the triumphal entry, we read: “The crowd that had been with him when he called Lazarus out of the tomb and raised him from the dead continued to bear witness. The reason why the crowd went to meet him was that they heard he had done this sign” (12:17–18). Jesus showed Himself a Savior when He raised Lazarus from the dead. Christ comes as the King who can save His own even from the power of death. He enters Jerusalem as one who has salvation and has already shown Himself a powerful Savior.

Finally, for all His righteousness and saving power, Zechariah sees a King who is also humble. Here is a King who does not present Himself with all the worldly symbols of power such as the war horse, glittering armor, sword, and battle-bow. Rather, He rides a simple donkey, unadorned with any of the trappings of worldly might.

But the glory of Zechariah’s prophecy is the reminder to God’s people that this great King is their King: “Behold, your king is coming to you” (Zech. 9:9). In Zechariah’s day, God’s people had been subject to so many foreign kings for so many years that they could hardly remember what it was like to have a king of their own, a king who was truly sovereign over his kingdom and not just a weak servant of a stronger foreign power. Jesus comes not as a foreign king or a vassal-king subject to a greater kingdom. Christ comes as the true King of Israel, King of kings and Lord of lords. He comes for God’s people, righteous and showing Himself a Savior to humble Himself by suffering and dying on the cross for His own. Jesus is our King who came into the world to bring salvation to all who believe in Him.

Is it any wonder that God’s people should rejoice at this King’s coming? No wonder God’s people all these many years later continue to remember the events of that day with joy, praising Jesus and saying, “Blessed is

Today's study brings us to the end of our study of Zechariah, the prophet of the late sixth century BC whom God sent to encourage the rebuilding of the temple and a return to faithfulness. To a community suffering the conditions of exile even though they were back in the Promised Land, Zechariah brought a message of hope that the Lord had not abandoned His people and that they should show their commitment to Him by completing the work on God's house (chap. 1ï¾–2). Though exilic conditions continued, Zechariah told the people that the Lord had not abandoned His promise to send the Messiahï¾—the Davidic priest-kingï¾—and cleanse the land of unrighteousness (chap. 3ï¾–6). Receiving this blessing, however, depended on the people trusting the Lord and believing His promise to defeat their enemies and restore all things. The community of post-exilic Judah, however, would largely reject its Lord, which would not invalidate the Creator's work of salvation but rather guarantee that only a remnant of Judah would enjoy it at first. In time, however, a great number of Jews who rejected the one true Shepherd to follow false shepherds would see the error of their ways and mourn over the Lord whom they had pierced (7:1ï¾–14:9).

Zechariah 14:10ï¾–21 concludes the prophet's vision about the final battle between God and His enemies. As we saw yesterday, he employs vivid symbols to depict the spiritual realities of what the Lord will achieve. We see this in verses 10ï¾–11, where Zechariah speaks of upheaval that fully refashions the land of Judea, flattening the summits of mountains. Just as Ezekiel's vision of an enormous temple that transforms the land should not be taken in a woodenly literal fashion (Ezek. 40ï¾–48), neither should we take Zechariah to mean a change that makes the land wholly unrecognizable. His image is one of stability and security. Resting on flat land, on a plain high in the air, on the high ground that gives military advantage, Jerusalem will be fully secure and no enemy will be able to invade it.

The prophet also reveals that the nations who survive the final battle going up to celebrate the Feast of Booths (Zech. 14:12ï¾–21). During the Feast of Booths, the Jews remembered the wilderness wanderings when they lived a nomadic existence, moving from place to place and setting up booths or tents (Lev. 23:33ï¾–42). While in the desert, the people had to rely on the Lord alone for provision. Zechariah is saying that on that final day, the Jews will rely on Yahweh alone, having cast away all other deities and self-trust.

The visions of Zechariah 1–6 alternate between prophecies of events that would occur after the first post-exilic generation of Jews passed away and prophecies that had an immediate fulfillment at or near the time they were first given. Visions of future events include the vision of the borderless Jerusalem (Zech. 2), the vision of God justifying His priestly nation (3:1–5), and the vision of the Lord's destruction of sin and removal of wickedness from the land (chap. 5). Visions of realities then current for the post-exilic community include the vision of a world wherein the Lord had not yet shaken the nations to exalt His people over all (1:7–17) and the vision of the four horses found in today's passage.œ

Like the vision recorded in Zechariah 1:7–17, the vision of the four horses conveys a sense of peace in the world for the post-exilic community. The prophet describes four chariots that go "out to the four winds of heaven" (6:5). These "four winds of heaven" likely symbolize creation in its entirety (consider, for example, the "four corners of the globe"). Basically, the vision depicts our Creator's thorough knowledge of all that takes place on earth. He sends His angelic servants forth around the globe so that they can report on what is happening in every place. God is not ignorant of the true state of world affairs; He is sovereign over all. What He declares about happenings in the world is not merely wishful thinking.œ

Zechariah's vision makes special mention of the horses going both to the north and to the south. Traditionally, the areas located to the north and to the south of ancient Israel were nothing but trouble for the ancient Jews. In the south, of course, was Egypt, the great world power that had enslaved the Israelites and also intervened in the people's domestic affairs (Ex. 1; 2 Kings 23:31–35). Danger was also associated with the north for the ancient Jews (Jer. 1:13–15). After all, both Assyria and Babylon invaded the ancient states of Israel and Judah from that direction. If one was an ancient Jew, the only thing that could be rightly expected from either north or south was strife and assault. However, when the horses go forth to these regions, only rest is found (Zech. 6:8). In other words, all is quiet.œ

Given that enemy opposition prompted the post-exilic community to take a break from rebuilding the temple (Ezra 3:8–4:24), this vision is one of assurance. The Lord had quieted the opposition, so the people in Zechariah's day should not fear any more trouble if they were to faithfully complete the temple. Their enemies would be kept at bay.œ

The Old Testament is filled with messianic prophecies that Christ has fulfilled. Zechariah 6:9–15 is one of the most important of these prophecies, as it confirms the union of the priestly and kingly offices in the person of our Savior.

We read in today's passage of a series of actions that the Lord commanded Zechariah to perform. The prophet was to take Heldi, Tobijah, and Jedaiah to the house of Joshua the high priest and place on his head a royal crown (vv. 9–11). Not much information is given about these three men; the most we can say is that they were probably recent arrivals from Babylon who returned to the covenant community in Judah after the initial group of exiles came back to the Promised Land. The key thing to note about them is that these Jews were not residents of Judah, as Zechariah will have some things to say about foreigners in verse 15.

After Zechariah put the crown on Joshua's head, God told him to announce the Branch who would sit as a priest on David's throne (vv. 12–13). At first glance, we might want to see the Lord identifying Joshua himself as the Branch, but this cannot be the case. The Hebrew word translated as "man" in verse 12 lacks the definite article, so the phrase is better translated as "a man whose name is the Branch" and not "Joshua, the man who is the Branch." Furthermore, the Lord said that the man in question would "build the temple of the LORD." This points to the future, which in the immediate context means that the temple in question could not be the second temple built by the exiles. Whoever the Branch was, he would have to build a temple not yet standing in Zechariah's day. Finally, the crown did not remain on Joshua's head but was placed in the temple to await its rightful wearer (v. 14).

The title Branch is used elsewhere in the prophetic literature for the Messiah (Isa. 11:1; Jer. 23:5). Thus, Zechariah's actions showed the people that the Savior who was yet to come in his day would, unlike any ruler before Him, be a priest who is also fit to be the king.

As Hebrews 7 indicates, this priest-king Messiah is none other than Christ Jesus our Lord, who now lives to make intercession for the people whom He leads against His foes (see also Rom. 8:34). This Jesus builds His temple—His church—on the Apostles, who serve as the church's foundation even as Christ is its cornerstone (Matt. 16:18). Moreover, our Lord enlists the help of foreigners to build His temple (Zech. 6:15), namely, Gentiles who like Zechariah's three friends will come to the kingdom from far off and work for its glory.

Prior to their exile, many ancient Jews failed to take all of the Old Testament into account in their theology. They loved the promises of the Lord to give His people an everlasting inheritance (Gen. 12:1–3; 15) but not God's pledge that only Israelites who demonstrated true faith by obedience to His commands were the heirs of those promises (Gen. 17; Deut. 28). Thus, they could not believe that He would exile the impenitent nation (Jer. 7:1–15).

After the exile, many Jews continued to miss the fullness of God's Word, specifically the Lord's grace. Since even many of the Jews in Babylon before the restoration thought that their expulsion from Canaan meant that our Creator takes pleasure in sinners' deaths (Ezek. 18:23), it was hard for the post-exilic community to believe the Lord had not utterly abandoned them, especially since the glorious post-exilic restoration did not immediately occur (see Deut. 30:1–10; Isa. 65:17–25). This depressing view, no doubt, contributed to the delay in rebuilding the temple that Haggai and Zechariah addressed.

On the one hand, the post-exilic community rightly believed that all they deserved was their troubled situation, that the only thing they merited from God was His final rejection. However, they wrongly forgot that our gracious Lord does not deal with repentant people according to what they deserve. We see this in Zechariah 3. The prophet sees Joshua the high priest standing before the heavenly Judge, with Satan accusing him of sin and pointing out his unworthiness (v. 1). Joshua here represents the post-exilic community. He is likened to a "brand" or stick plucked from the fire before it could be consumed (v. 2). This depicts the Jewish nation, which was barely rescued from full destruction in exile. Moreover, Ezekiel refers to the old covenant people as a stick in God's hand (Ezek. 37:15–28), and the high priest represented them before God (Lev. 16). Thus, Joshua stands in for the people.

The Lord does not dispute the people's sin, but He rebukes Satan for bringing a charge against those whom He alone had rescued from the fire. What is more, God assures His people that He had not only rescued them from destruction but had also taken their filthy garments and replaced them with clean clothes (Zech. 3:3–5). Only the Lord performs this work here, and so we must see this as an image ultimately of justification, that act whereby God and God alone removes the guilt of sin and clothes His people with pure garments, a righteousness not our own, making peace with us in Christ (Rom. 4:4–5; 5:1).œ

God certainly delights in surprising people, in doing great things through unexpected means. Should we ever forget this, we will lose our ability to stand before the Lord in wonder, to have even the barest glimpse of His awesome wisdom. He saves the world through the weak and despised, the powerless whom everyone else has passed by.

Of course, this is seen most clearly in Jesus Christ, the humble Son of God who came not on a white horse to set up a worldly kingdom but who rode on a donkey into Jerusalem, establishing His Father's kingdom by dying for His enemies (Phil. 2:5–11). In so doing, our Savior acted in keeping with much divine precedent. For who would have thought that "salvation is from the Jews" (John 4:22), a people who never commanded a world empire, were often overrun by their enemies, but whose Scriptures insist that their God is not just the deity for their tribe but for the whole world?

When Jesus told the Samaritan woman at the well that salvation is from the Jews (John 4:1–45), He was not revealing some new doctrine. In fact, He assumed that she would have known the identity of the people who would bless the world. After all, the prophets are filled with promises that the nations will at the last day join with the Jews in worship of Yahweh their Lord (Isa. 2:2–4). Zechariah 8:16–23 is one of these key passages, informing us that the Gentiles will be so convinced of the marvelous things God has done in and through Israel that they will cling to the robes of faithful Jews. They will beg, as it were, to go with the Jews to the temple to hear about Yahweh and what He has done for His children (vv. 20–23).

As indicated in today's passage, the fulfillment of this prophecy is tied to the Jewish nation living according to God's covenant. Verses 16–17 list several things the returned exiles could do to show forth their true faith and commitment to the covenant stipulations. Rendering true judgments in the gates is a demand for justice, as justice was determined and judgments were made by the elders at the city gates (Ruth 4:1–2; Ps. 127:5). Additionally, keeping one's word is emphasized in Zechariah 8:16–17, a demand in keeping with the Bible's frequently repeated warnings against breaking oaths and vows (Num. 30:2).

Faithfulness was the prerequisite to blessing, to the Gentiles joining God's people. Now that Messiah has come, faithfulness to His covenant will bring about the same ends. As our light shines before others, the nations will glorify our Father in heaven (Matt. 5:14–16).

Having said much about the future cleansing of God's people and the turning of a large number of Jews to their Messiah just before the last day, Zechariah describes this last day in more detail in chapter 14 of his book. This is perhaps the most symbolic chapter of the prophet's entire work. Using vivid imagery, Zechariah gives us an apocalyptic vision that points us to the end of days while also alluding to realities that occur throughout the history of God's people.

Clues to the symbolic nature of Zechariah 14 are found in the references to the Lord placing "his feet" on the Mount of Olives (v. 4) and the rivers of living water that flow to the east and to the west from Jerusalem (v. 8). Since God is spirit (John 4:24), we know that He does not literally possess a physical body with physical feet. Furthermore, we have also seen that in the prophetic books, including Zechariah, rivers of living water depict new spiritual life and the final restoration of all creation metaphorically (Ezek. 47:1–12; Zech. 13:1).

If the text is largely symbolic, then what is it telling us about the last day? First, it points us to a cataclysmic final battle between the enemies of God's people and the Lord and His saints. Through this war, a remnant will survive (Zech. 14:1–2) and there will be geographic upheaval. The Mount of Olives will be split in half (v. 4). Moreover, just when the people of God seem to be on the verge of losing the war, the Lord and His heavenly army will intervene to save the day (v. 5). One cannot help but think of the upheaval at the consummation that will result in the final redemption of the people whom our Creator has reserved for Himself and the transformation of all creation into the new heavens and earth. The Apostle Peter tells us that this will occur through heavenly fire (2 Peter 3:11–13).

On that day, living waters will flow to the east to the Dead Sea and west to the Mediterranean Sea (Zech. 14:8). The prophet is saying that God will bring renewal to all of His people's inheritance. Since this will "continue in summer as in winter," we see that this life is eternal. Unlike the seasonal rivers that only flow at certain times of the year in the Promised Land, these living waters will never fail to issue forth and do their work.

Finally, "the LORD will be king over all the earth" (v. 9). All people will recognize His full sovereignty and there will never be rebellion against Him again.

Judah went into exile in Babylon after centuries of suffering at the hands of Assyria, Egypt, and other foreign enemies. One of the great blessings of Judah's return from exile was supposed to be safety from all of the nation's foes (Deut. 30:1–10). However, this did not happen at once in the sixth century BC when the Judahites returned to their land. Many of the surrounding powers opposed the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem (Ezra 3). When Nehemiah arrived in the land, Samaria and other foreign powers attempted to thwart the efforts to rebuild Jerusalem's wall (Neh. 4:1–14). Such problems demonstrated that Daniel was correct when he foresaw the extension of the conditions of exile past 538 BC (Dan. 9).

Although the Judahites had certainly merited the continuation of the exile, the Lord in His grace did not intend for this to last forever. Thus, during the ministry of Zechariah, God gave the prophet visions of the end of the exile. Zechariah 9:1–8 describes this in terms of the defeat of Judah's enemies. Verses 9–17 view the end of exile in terms of the return of the Davidic king to Zion. We read that this king would enter Jerusalem riding on a donkey. The Davidic king's riding on a humble beast of burden has precedent, for Solomon was presented as David's rightful successor by being placed on David's mule (1 Kings 1:33). In any case, the image is one of humility. Final salvation would not come to the people of God through the traditional route of a conquering king on a noble horse. Instead, it would be achieved in an unexpected way through what men typically regard as weak and despised.

In the day of salvation, Ephraim and Jerusalem would no longer trust the war horse and chariot (Zech. 9:10). The prophet is speaking of the reunited kingdom of Israel and pointing out that the salvation achieved by the humble Davidic king would convince the people of God to rest in Him alone and not in the idols of human might that the old covenant community often relied upon (Isa. 31:1; Jer. 42:19).

These promises would be fulfilled because of the blood of the covenant (Zech. 9:11). Once more we see the unconditional nature of salvation—God has committed Himself to redeeming His people despite their unfaithfulness. The "blood of the covenant" likely refers to the covenant of salvation the Lord made with Abraham in which God made a promise to save the patriarch's children and ratified it with the shedding of blood (Gen. 15). Because of this oath, the Lord would not fail to save His own.

In our study of Zechariah 12 yesterday, we concluded that the prophet seems to teach that before the final defeat of God's enemies, a large number of ethnic Jews will turn to the Messiah whom they have long rejected. The heartfelt mourning of repentance over the God-man pierced for their sins, however, is not where the Lord's work will end (vv. 10–14). As we see in today's passage, many other benefits will follow.

First, there will be a grand cleansing of sin and corruption. Zechariah 13:1 describes a fountain that will open for "the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem." The Lord is lavishly merciful when He forgives His people. He does not provide a trickle of water but a river that restores life to all those whom it cleanses (see Ezek. 47:1–12). God holds nothing back when He shows mercy to sinners and redeems them from guilt and shame. This is true no matter whom the Lord forgives. As Matthew Henry comments, "There is mercy enough in God, and merit enough in Christ, for the forgiving of the greatest sins and sinners." We who trust in Jesus today already experience this life-giving water, the Holy Spirit Himself who cleanses us from all transgression (John 7:37–39). But we will enjoy it even more fully when the full company of God's elect, Jew and Gentile, finally receive His grace.

The fountain of cleansing removes from creation even the slightest hint of sin. Zechariah refers to the land being cleansed of idols and false prophets on that final day (Zech. 13:2–6). Although the prophet spoke of future events, his message had great significance for his original audience. As we have noted, the type of rank idolatry and false prophecy that led to the exile was not a problem for Zechariah's contemporaries. But as idolatry is the worst of all sins, the reference to it showed the first hearers of Zechariah's message that God's cleansing of His people would know no boundaries. Even the worst sins and sinners would enjoy it.

Verses 7–9 of Zechariah 13 point to the striking of "the shepherd" that is somehow tied to these other events. Since there is no time reference such as "on that day" given, it seems that Zechariah does not see this striking happening alongside the final restoration. It will be necessary to the restoration, but it will not happen at the time of the full renewal of all things. A true shepherd associated with God Himself will suffer, and His sheep will scatter, but the Lord will use that event to purify His remnant, the third of His flock that is left alive when its leader endures pain and agony.

Visions came frequently to the prophet Zechariah as he encouraged Zerubbabel the governor and Joshua the high priest to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem after the exile (Zech. 3–4). Today's passage records two more visions of the prophet—the vision of the flying scroll and the vision of the woman in the basket.

Since the Hebrew term translated with the English word curse is the same one used of the curses in the Mosaic law upon all those who impenitently break the covenant (Deut. 28:15–68), we are to see the flying scroll in Zechariah 5:1–4 as the curses of the Torah revealed to Moses after the exodus. In destroying the houses of sinners, this image is one of destruction—but not of the people themselves, for the vision of the woman in the basket in the same context shows the Lord banishing iniquity from the covenant community (vv. 5–11). After all, if our Creator takes sin away from the people, how then could He justly condemn them? What the curses of the law destroy in Zechariah's vision of the flying scroll is sin itself. Ultimately, we must see this vision as foreseeing the work of Christ, who exhausts the curse of the law on sinners and also curses and destroys the power of sin itself by taking it into the grave and leaving it there when He dies and rises again, being vindicated by His Father as the perfectly righteous Son of God (Rom. 6:1–14; Gal. 3:10–14).

Expiation—the removal of sin and its guilt from a people—is depicted in the vision of the woman in the basket in Zechariah 5:5–11. As noted, the appearance of this basket in the same context as the appearance of the scroll of curses communicates the final purification and not annihilation of God's people. The woman in the basket, who is a symbol of wickedness and evil in this text, is carried off‰ to Shinar by two other winged women, namely, angels. In Scripture, Shinar is another name for Babylon (Dan. 1:2), but given the symbolic nature of Zechariah's vision, the woman in the basket is not taken to a mere geographical area but to that place where wickedness abides. The angels carry evil outside the camp, placing it upon the enemies of God.

Therefore, Zechariah depicts the final destination of sin. Other passages tell us that in the new heavens and the new earth, sin and wickedness will be outside of the gates of God's Holy City, the New Jerusalem (Isa. 66:24; Rev. 22:14–15). In that place, those who love sin and not the Lord will receive what they wanted, an unending bondage to their evil.œ

We come today to one of the most difficult chapters in Zechariah. Chapter 12 relates an oracle from the prophet that reveals a series of events that are hard to place in time. Did Zechariah reveal what was going to happen to Jerusalem during or shortly after his lifetime? The phrase "I am about to make" in verse 2 seems to answer this question in the affirmative. Or, did Zechariah reveal what lay far in the future, namely, the full and final destruction of all of the enemies of His people? Verse 9 apparently refers to this last battle.

Answering these questions is difficult. On the one hand, because the Bible can use the term Jerusalem to refer to God's people, His bride the church (Rev. 21:1–2), it could be that the text should not be taken as referring to history at all and that Zechariah is referring to the victory that the redeemed covenant community enjoys over its foes. Certainly, such victory is guaranteed; however, it does not seem that the language points in that direction. Although the text uses some metaphors (Zech. 12:2, 6), the overall impression one gets from reading the passage is one of a literal, physical battle. Furthermore, because John 19:37 tells us that Jesus' crucifixion—an actual visible and historical event—fulfills the prophet's words about God being pierced (Zech. 12:10), it seems that we should view the rest of Zechariah 12 as describing visible, historical events.

The main difficulty with seeing the chapter as a reference to the far future is the "I am about to make" of verse 2. Yet, the Hebrew can also be translated "I am making," which would make the time at which the events are to occur indeterminate. We can therefore easily apply this text to a future time, the time of the final battle between God and His enemies. On that day, the Lord will show Himself so powerfully that the weakest Judahite will be like the mighty king David and the mighty Davidic king will be like God Himself (vv. 1–9).

Such strength will come only when the "house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem" mourn for the pierced one (vv. 10–14). This pierced one is none other than the Lord Himself, particularly the incarnate Son of God, as John teaches. The mourning is to come when our Creator pours out a "spirit of grace and pleas for mercy" (v. 10). What we likely have is a prophecy of the restoration of the Jews to their God. Just before the final day and last battle with God, there will be a large number of Jews who turn to Christ, mourn over their sin, and beg for mercy on account of having rejected Him at His first advent.

Despite the fact that the Lord had not yet shaken the heavens and earth in Haggai's and Zechariah's day to depose the kingdoms of this world and exalt the house of Zerubbabel—the Messiah—the continuing suffering of the Jews under foreign domination was not unfaithfulness on God's part (Hag. 2:20–23; Zech. 1:1–17). Instead, the restoration had only been delayed (from a human perspective and because Judah's repentance was not extensive enough; see Dan. 9). The Lord would still consummate His plan, and He spoke through Zechariah to the post-exilic Jewish community to confirm this.?

John Calvin's comments on today's passage support this interpretation. Calvin notes that the community was depressed by its circumstances and needed encouragement that "God was performing by degrees, and step by step, what he had testified." Zechariah 2 and its vision of Jerusalem as a city whose length and width cannot be measured and as a city without walls demonstrates that the Lord had not forgotten His promises to His people once they had come back to their land in 538 BC. Jerusalem symbolizes the consummated kingdom of God, and it has no walls because its population will be so vast that it would be impossible to contain it within the physical walls of the city (vv. 1–4). The only wall that will exist is nothing other than the "wall of fire all around"—God Himself (v. 5). When the Lord consummates His plan, His people will have nothing to fear because they will enjoy His personal protection. Calvin writes, "Though walls may be high and thick, they may be scaled by enemies; but who will dare to throw himself into the fire?"?

But why will the company of God's people be so large? It is because the community will include not only the ethnic descendants of Abraham but also "many nations" who will join themselves to Yahweh, the covenant Lord of Israel, and become His people as well (vv. 6–12). Zechariah repeats the common prophetic theme that Yahweh is Lord not only over the Jews but also over the Gentiles, that His salvation will be universal in scope, not in that every person will be saved but that all nations, tribes, and tongues will be represented in His kingdom. Isaiah prophesied that all the nations would flow to God's mountain to learn His ways (Isa. 2:1–4). Zephaniah foresaw that the Lord would change the speech of the nations so that they could call on Him (Zeph. 3:9). Zechariah likewise was given a vision of God fulfilling His promise to Abraham to bless all the nations through him.?

Joshua, the first high priest of the post-exilic community, represents the entire nation in Zechariah 3:1–5, where God shows His intention to remove the filth of sin from the nation and replace it with cleansing, a garment of purity that means no charge can ever be brought against the Lord's people. Ultimately, this is a picture of Christ Jesus our Lord and our justification by faith alone in Him whereby we receive the gift of His perfect righteousness imputed to our record (Gal. 2:15–16; 2 Cor. 5:21). The Apostle Paul would later pick up on these same themes in Romans 8:33–34: "Who shall bring any charge against God's elect? It is God who justifies. Who is to condemn? Christ Jesus is the one who died—more than that, who was raised—who is at the right hand of God, who indeed is interceding for us."

In Zechariah's day, the precise manner by which the Lord would accomplish the justification of His people was not understood with the same detail with which we know it today. What the faithful ancient Jew did know, however, was that this work would be accomplished through one whom the prophets sometimes referred to as the "Branch." Today's passage moves from the nation's cleansing by grace to the agent of that cleansing. Our first clue to this is the switch in Zechariah 3:6–8 from the tribal to the individual. Joshua and his successors are promised the priesthood and service in the temple if they remain faithful to the covenant. This is not a contradiction of justification by faith alone because it is clear that Joshua will not finally transgress the covenant and lose his justification. After all, God says that Joshua and the faithful priests of his day will be a sign of the greater salvation and restoration to come (v. 8). Their work will be in keeping with the work of the final Savior—they will be faithful to the covenant and point forward to the One who will not only be generally faithful to the Lord but perfect in obedience to Him. God never justifies a person and leaves it finally up to them to persevere to the end. All whom the Lord justifies, He also glorifies; He keeps all of His true children in faith until the end of their lives (Rom. 8:29–30).

Zechariah 3:8 introduces the Branch, the reality to whom Joshua pointed as a sign. This Branch is also God's servant and can be none other than the final Davidic king, the Messiah promised to the nation of Israel (Isa. 53; Jer. 23:5; 33:15). Although the nation was rebuilding the temple in Zechariah's day, it would be this King who would set the final capstone of God's true temple and bring the divine plan to consummation (Zech. 3:9–10).

In the midst of rebuilding the temple during the late sixth century BC, it was somewhat natural for the people of Jerusalem to become discouraged. Though the exiles were back in their homeland, the conditions of exile continued and the great restoration foreseen by the prophets was not yet evident. Of course, we know that this was not due to any unfaithfulness on the Lord's part but rather the failure of the old covenant community as a whole to fulfill the conditions for restoration—true faith and repentance (Deut. 30:1–10; Dan. 9).

The prophet Zechariah was sent to this discouraged people with a message of warning and comfort. As we saw in Zechariah 7, the prophet warned Judah that it had not yet learned the lesson of exile and that hypocritical piety could lead to their destruction just as it had for the pre-exilic Judahites. Today's passage records Zechariah's words of comfort.

Despite His people's unfaithfulness, the Lord did not abandon Judah but remained jealous for Zion and for Jerusalem. He had, in fact, come back there with His people and would make it a faithful city on a "holy mountain" (Zech. 8:1–3). These words foresee the complete purification of God's people and their land. He will not fail to sanctify His true children fully, and He will give His people a final dwelling place that is clean and fit for habitation. John Calvin writes, "God is never idle while he dwells in his people; for he cleanses away every kind of impurity, every kind of deceit, that where he dwells may ever be a holy place."

Verses 4–15 of Zechariah 8 feature imagery that confirms and develops this promise. People will live to a great age because they will be at peace and have nothing to fear. The full remnant of Israel will return. Great agricultural productivity will follow and there will never again be the crushing poverty wherein people and animals are unable to earn anything for their labor. Moreover, the nation will be a blessing to the rest of the world.

Note that this prophecy is both unconditional and conditional. It is unconditional in that the Lord will surely accomplish His promise. The final restoration is as sure as His promise to destroy Jerusalem for its unfaithfulness in 586 BC (vv. 14–15). However, the prophecy is conditional in that having Jewish blood is not enough to secure participation in the restoration blessings. Verses 7–8 echo the promise to Abraham in Genesis 17 that Yahweh would be God to His faithful children. We will experience the glories of restoration only if we trust in our Creator's promises alone and show forth that true faith in obedience (James 2:14–26).