of the traditional ways Calvinists had expressed the faith. Two of Edwards’ theological treatises illustrate his insights in explaining Reformed doctrine: The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758) and Freedom of the Will (1754). In Original Sin Defended, Edwards argued that universal depravity of the human heart comes from Adam’s sin, due to a “constituted oneness” of Adam with the entire human race. Out of this “constituted union of the branches and the root” came universal human moral depravity, and man is guilty as a consequence of union with Adam. In Freedom of the Will, Edwards distinguished between “natural ability” and “moral ability,” asserting that post-fall humanity retained all natural faculties (ability) to do God’s will but no longer had the moral ability because of innate moral depravity. Edwards’ unique exposition of these doctrines became the foundation of “New England Theology” identified with later Edwardsean theologians who advanced beyond their teacher into more extreme views. His son, Jonathan Edwards Jr., was among these theologians.
Edwards’ Personal Narrative described a deepening experience with Christ in his twenties and a delight in divine things. In 1746 he wrote his first major work, A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections, explaining the nature of genuine religious experience. The necessity of conversion was a root cause of a divisive controversy in his congregation. His grandfather, Stoddard, had allowed outwardly virtuous persons in the town to partake of the Lord’s Supper, viewing communion as a potential “converting ordinance.” Edwards ceased this practice, requiring a personal profession of faith prior to membership, baptism, and participation in communion. This change became so disruptive that Edwards was dismissed from his pastorate at Northampton in 1750. He continued to preach for the congregation until they found his replacement.
Eventually, Edwards moved his family to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where he pastored a congregation with ten English families and two hundred Mohican Native Americans. Edwards was an advocate for missions, encouraging “concerts of prayer” where God’s people gathered for prayer. He authored an influential American missionary biography, An Account of the Life of the Late Reverend David Brainerd. David Brainerd’s (1718–1746) short, difficult, but productive ministry among the Delaware Native Americans inspired numerous missionaries in the following generations. In his final year of life Jonathan Edwards became the third president of the new Presbyterian College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1758. He died within three months of accepting the post from a smallpox inoculation.
: See his treatise: *An humble attempt to promote explicit agreement and visible union of God's people in extraordinary prayer for the revival of religion and the advancement of Christ's Kingdom on earth *(1747).